The Baekje Weir's hydropower plant generates electricity for 58,000 households |
He also argues that with the country's extreme flood/drought cycle, many rivers did not have sufficient water for much of the year to support an ecosystem. "Now many are filled with water, and we have recreated wetlands."
Of the NGOs opposing the plans, he notes that "they were very aggressive", adding that they "were not scientifically reasonable, and did not promote an alternative solution. Korea has the highest population density in the world – 70% of the country is covered with mountains. What would you do?"
One obvious response is that first-world nations generally already have extensive flood defence systems in place, and have spent hundreds of years happily altering and polluting river courses, whereas Korea's efforts to improve its situation are very recent, and it may be that others should hesitate to criticize.
Even with the new system in place, the country has flood defences based on a one in 200 year return period, which compares to some European countries where the return period is into the thousands of years, so Professor Park concludes that South Korea's efforts were fully warranted. "Compared with Europe and the US it is not sufficient," he notes. "But it was all we could do at the time." He describes it as a "huge project" over a demanding two-year time span.
One early sign of the project's success is that last year South Korea had two and a half times its average rainfall and the flood damage was minimal. This year, despite a serious drought, most of the country has coped thanks to its enhanced water storage capacity.
Professor Park says: "I worry that Korea will have more severe drought and flooding cycles and will need more water resources and water management projects. The Four Rivers Restoration Project is just the beginning. In the last 40 years, investment in rivers has been fairly minimal compared to road and rail – Korea now has a very good road and rail system, so it is a timely project."
South Korea is also not blessed with many natural lakes – around ten – so the enhanced river habitat is proving extremely popular already. "If you look at the culture of Europe and the US, it all started along the rivers," adds Professor Park.
"In Korea, the rivers are so violent because of the flooding that many cities are built away from the major rivers. Now a lot of development will be along the rivers, like in Europe and the US."
Not many countries have embraced such significant, major civil engineering projects in parallel with substantial rainwater harvesting on this extraordinary scale, and certainly not over such a relatively short period of time. Such projects, under equally dedicated and high-profile proponents, intelligently combine a range of aims that include resolving the two most pressing issues facing the country – flooding and water scarcity.
The work undertaken certainly gives weight to the view that South Korea is taking a global leadership role in facing these challenges.